What is Computer?

History
What is Computer? And how it started? What is the idea, which amounted to We see now?
Before we answer these questions the meaning back to back with me in an interview Hijacker on the evolution of the history of computers.
Man since the beginnings in the first as he seeks to find all seriousness Means that the availability of help and effort and time is what concerns us here Talk about now is the evolution of the means that he created to assist in the performance ofNumerical and computational functions, and Alalmekd classified to the evolution of computers Three historical phases: --
First: the computer prior to the date:
At this stage, took the rights to see the gravel and the account number and then the evolution of This method to replace the meter invented by the Chinese before the birth B 500, and was a wooden framework of the respective threads hanging Ten workshops and Procedure calculator created by William Aotrd Year 1633 It was used for multiplication and division.
II: Mechanical computers: --
The world has Pascal in 1642 for inventing the first machine collection The IPO consisted of a set of wheels of each wheel is divided into ten Sections of zero to 9 and when the wheel spins full circle move The movement of the wheel, the second one to the next section; haste is a first Sundays and the second and third scores, hundreds, and so on.
In 1822, the Charles Babag design calculator Can carry out arithmetic operations and storage of numbers and print the results The papers on this machine depends on the mechanical means, and then Followed by industry in 1890 working calculator card pierced Hulirt by the world, and then the real nucleus Manufactures computers for a computer -1 Harvard Mark, who has designed World Howard Aiken of Harvard University in conjunction with IBM Cap is a working calculator card perforated, and is Print the results by means of a typewriter heat.
III: Computer-mail: --
The stage began shortly before midnight the previous century has been Researchers to date computers generations reflect each generation for the Time of the computer, namely: --
The first generation 1946 - 1958:
At this stage, vacuum tube was used and this generation is characterized by large Size and the need for conditioning, and the slow speed and the use of Perforated cards from this generation Eniac computer and the computer Univac-1 .
Second-generation 1959 - 1964:
This generation emerged when the scientists used an alternative to the transistor Vacuum tube, which led to the small size of the computer performance and speed And less consumption of electricity and also the ability to distinguish storage view The use of heart-magnetic Magnetic Core and appeared in this period Also floppy discs, and used the language of this generation of high Kalfoertran level in 1957 is this generation computers, and IBM 1401 Honywell 200
Third-generation 1965 - 1970:
Has been used in the generation of integrated electronic circuits used Manufactured on silicon chips Silicon Chip This generation has been less Smaller, and less consumption of electricity and the emission of heat and on the use of Of the terminals. And increased reliance on language-level Have higher language Alpesc Among the most famous of this generation computers IBM360 - NCR395 appeared in the generation of small computers.
The fourth generation since 1971:
Has been used in this generation wide integration services Large Scale Integration is a set of thousands of electronic components On a small silicon chip, as used in Almikrobroissour Computer industry, small and this generation is characterized by high speed Performance and large storage capacity and the emergence of a general-purpose software Management systems and databases.
In this generation on a PC ((PC Personal Computers, appeared cylinders DOS operating system for computers IBM personal computers and compatible with it.
Fifth generation:
A generation of scientists who are now trying to get him out of existence as he tries Directed by scientists for a generation of computers has the ability to perform Kaltvkir mental processes and learning and benefit from the experience ... ...
Commenting on this last point for trying Scientists produced a generation of computers thinker, I believe I have already I Kmqal this opinion in a newspaper that this will not end It features something to satisfy the ego of scientists, I think it's the end of a closed Like many things from the long search by scientists and then it was concluded Did End the call and recall, for example, attempts by scientists urged Clouds to produce rain in areas for which they wish to bring down the rain It did not result in the expenditure of millions of funds in this regard to the on Access is important is the lack of capacity to do so, even when Able to urge the use of cloud lightning industrial rain did not fall to the At the scene of a very large, and the sincerity of the Creator "God take step forward", and when Talking about a simulation of the human mind is impossible, why? Because Rights and feel that it is this sense of self is a human Driving all the other emotions such as love, hatred, and humility, And vanity, etc. ... ... .... The fact that human beings can make the machine think And interact, if it is Valolp will exist in this case Explode all the other emotions what we see happening in the sci-fi movies Computer control of human life, I do not deny that Bsttia scientists to reach the degree of technical expertise in this area. When they say they are in connection with the use of living cells in the organs Computer discovered the tremendous ability to keep the quantities of the terrible Data processing Baltoin electric, but I denied them Strongly to be able to match the human brain's best Vtpark Alkhagayn.

Computer Operating Systems
Now go to explain what the systems and components, but before that Let me review with you in the creation of types of computers, and here we should Dealing with the classification of computers in many ways:

First: in the form of input data: --
1 - digital computer Digital Computer:
Used data from professional or digital type characters or Khaspoho Wider use, such as the PC.
2 - Computer descriptive (analog) Analog Computer:
And intervention in the form of concrete data (such as temperature, humidity, radiation The sun) course, using the means of measurement Kaltermumitr.
3 - Computer Mixed Hybrid Computer:
And take into account in its determination to combine the characteristics of digital computers and computer Descriptive. Among the most famous uses of nuclear reactors and satellites Industry.

Second: The purpose and terms of use:
1 - use of computers in General Computer:
This type is used in many different purposes.
2 - Computer specialist Special Purpose computer:
Designed for use in a specific purpose, such as those in the medical equipment or Washing machines, aircraft, ships and submarines ... ..
Third: in terms of volume:
1 - Computer giant Super Computer:
It is designed for storing and retrieving millions of data is very high speed Used in the military aspects of space research

World Trade Organization

 World Trade Organization in 1995. It is one 

From the youngest age of global organizations as the World Trade Organization 

Khalifa is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which 

Established in the wake of World War II. 

Thus, despite the fact that the WTO is still a modern 

The multilateral trading system which was developed originally under the 

GATT has reached the age of fifty years. Celebrate the golden jubilee of the system 

Geneva in May 19, 1998 the presence of many Heads of State and leaders of 

Governments. 

Twenty years have witnessed exceptional growth in the last trade 

World. Merchandise exports has increased an average of 6% per year and helped 

GATT and the WTO to establish a strong trading system 

And prosperous, which have contributed to unprecedented growth. 

The system has evolved through a series of rounds of negotiations or 

Trade, which was held under the banner of the GATT, the concessions the first rounds 

Mainly reduce tariffs. The negotiations included the following positions 

Others, such as anti-dumping procedures, which do not belong to tariffs. Led 

The last round of the 1986 to 1994 to the creation of the WTO 

World. 

Negotiations did not end at this point, but after some negotiations continued 

The end of the Uruguay Round. In February 1997 reached an agreement about the 

Telecommunications services with the approval of the Government for 69 

Written procedures and a wide-reaching in excess of those agreed upon in Tetum 

Uruguay Round. 

In the same year the Government has completed four successful trade negotiations, especially 

Without tariffs, especially information technology products, and completed 

Seventy of the Member States of a special agreement covers the financial services 

More than 95% of the trade of banking, insurance and securities 

And financial information. 

Members also agreed at the World Trade Organization ministerial meeting in 

May 1998 to examine the areas of trade resulting from trade 

E-World. 

In 2000 new negotiations in agriculture and services. 

The WTO is the only global organization competent 

International laws on trade between nations. The task of 

Organization is essential to ensure the flow of trade as smooth as possible 

The ease and freedom. 

The desired result of that is security. Consumers and manufacturers are 

Aware of the possibility of supply by ensuring the continued enjoyment of the goods, while ensuring 

A wider selection of finished products, components and raw materials 

As well as production services. This ensures all producers and exporters that 

Foreign markets will remain always open to them. 

The result of all this is to set up a world of economic prosperity 

And peace. 

Another result is confidence. That consumers and producers know that they 

That they can enjoy secure supplies and a wider choice of products 

The final components and raw materials and services used by them. And 

Producers and exporters know that foreign markets will remain open 

Them. 

The result is also the world economy enjoyed a prosperous peace 

The official further. Are typically decision-making in the organization 

WTO Member States and the unanimous ratification of the 

By the parliaments of the Member States. Be challenged about the differences 

Trade through the mechanism of dispute resolution Trade Organization 

World where the emphasis is on interpreting agreements and commitments 

And how to ensure that the trade policies of their countries. In this 

Low risk way to extend the differences in political conflicts or 

Military decline. And the reduction of trade barriers, the WTO system 

Global also removes other barriers between individuals and nations. 

Decision-making in the WTO usually unanimous 

Votes of the Member States and then later approved by the parliaments of 

States. Transformation of any trade dispute to the dispute settlement mechanism in the 

Organization where they are resorting to the conventions and treaties to ensure that 

Systems and trade policies of the States in conformity with it. In this way 

Shift the risk of disputes to the political or military conflicts reduced 

A lot. And to reduce barriers to trade lead Trade Organization 

The world to reduce barriers between the United States. 

That the focus of the system known as the multilateral trading system is 

WTO agreements and signed by a majority of States 

World trade and approved by their parliaments. Those conventions are the foundations 

And legal norms of international trade on the basis of contracts which ensure 

Member States of the important trade rights Governments are also required to maintain 

The continuity of their business within the limits of acceptable 

The benefit of all. 

The conventions discussed by Governments and by non-government 

The purpose of these conventions in the foundation is to help producers of goods 

And goods and service providers, exporters and importers to manage their business 

Successfully, which leads to the interest and welfare of the peoples of Member States 

Terms of Reference. 

The main objective of the World Trade Organization is to assist in the entry into force 

And the flow of trade and Bslaslp expected and freely. 

The organization does so by: 

Management agreements on trade. 

Presence of a forum for negotiations on trade. 

Resolution of disputes relating to trade. 

Review of national policies relating to trade. 

Assist developing countries in trade policy issues 

Through technological assistance and training programs. 

Cooperation with other international organizations. 

Structure 

The membership of the World Trade Organization more than 140 members representing 

More than 90% of world trade. The 30 others are negotiating 

Regarding membership. 

Decisions are made by all members, be unanimous. Was 

Ratification of the WTO agreements by the parliaments of 

All Member States. 

The supreme body of decision-making in the WTO 

Global is the Ministerial Conference which is held once every two years 

Least. 

The General Council in the following list (including ambassadors in general 

The heads of delegations in Geneva, but sometimes includes officials from the missionaries 

Capitals of the Member States), which is held each year in Adpmrat Headquarters 

Geneva. The General Council meets as a policy review body 

Trade, as well as the resolution of disputes. 

There is the next level in both the goods and services and the Council 

Intellectual Property (TRIPS), which reports to the General Council. 

Handle many of the specialized committees and working groups and task forces 

With the conventions, the Convention on the unit and other topics such as the environment 

The development and membership applications and regional trade agreements. 

His first ministerial conference in Singapore in 1996 three working groups 

This new structure. And specializes in the relationship between trade and investment 

And the interaction between trade and competition policy, transparency in 

Government procurement. At the second ministerial meeting in Geneva in 1998 

Ministers decided that the World Trade Organization will examine also the subject of 

E-commerce, a task which will be divided between the councils 

The existing committees. 

Ten advantages of the trade regime of WTO 

Allow the World Trade Organization and many of the trading system 

Advantages and benefits, some known and others are not clear, since 

Organization seeks to create a more peaceful world through the money that we have 

And goods and services we use that we enjoy. 

World is very complex: this text shows some of the benefits of the system 

The multilateral trading the World Trade Organization, although the text was not invited

That the system free of defects, if so, what was there 

Need for further negotiations and discussions and that the rules are reviewed 

For the development and continuous improvement. Nor can the claim that 

All agree on everything in the World Trade Organization. This may 

Is one of the main reasons for the existence of a system: it is a forum in which the circulation 

The differences of views between States on matters relating to trade. 

This means that there are many reasons why the existence of the system 

Advantage of the presence and absence of the following ten advantages. 

Ten advantages of a global trading system 

1 - support system and strengthen the peace. 

2 - The address conflict constructively. 

3 - lead to lay the foundations and rules to make life easier for all. 

4 - reduce the most liberal trade regime for life. 

5 - expand the trading system more liberal than the range of options in products 

And quality. 

6 - Free trade increases income. 

7 - free trade stimulates economic growth. 

8 - makes the rules and the foundations of the trade life more meaningful and useful. 

9 - to protect the free trade regime and the governments of the existence of factionalism 

And gatherings. 

10 - will help the free trade system of the existence of a strong government

What is the Internet

What is the Internet Web site is a huge network of computers connected

With each other. The Internet serves more than 200 million users

And grow very rapidly up to 100% per year, has begun

Internet originally thought the idea of a military government and spread to the Gaza

Education and research and then trade up to become accessible to individuals.

And the Internet world is completely different from the PC world, can a child in

X sail it. In the beginning, the Internet user

Knowledge of protocols and the operation of complex systems such as Unix, but now the operation of

You do not need to know only a simple computer to enter the Internet arena.

As in the past was difficult to access the Internet through the telephone network

Using a modem, but with the proliferation of companies providing this service dissipated

Difficulties, since the company began to enter service CompuServe

On the Internet via the telephone network in 1995 through protocols

Point-to-Point is no longer engaging in the Internet is difficult. The most important

Elements of the Internet is the main

(A) the web www (b) file transfer FTP (c) E

Email E-Mail (d) News Groups Usenet.

The most important is what we should know about the Internet is that they adopt the English language

Official language and to sail on the Internet completely free, but the price

Is paid to provide service to you. The history of the Internet

The fifties: 1957 Soviet Union launched the first Sputnik satellite.

Responded with the establishment of the United States (and the research project agency

Advanced) (Advanced Research Project Agency) in short

(ARPA) with funding from the U.S. Department of Defense.

The sixties: the first 1967 paper on the design of ARPAnet published by

Robert Lawrence. 1969 ARPAnet established with funding from the Ministry of Defense

To conduct research on networks. Was established, with four joints Nodes.

Seventies: Alohanet 1970 founding of the University of Hawaii. 1972

Alohanet linked ARPAnet. 1972 Tomlnson invented irrigation program

E-mail to send messages across distributed networks. 1973 first

Communication and connectivity with international ARPAnet, with University College London

University College of London. 1974 BBN Launches a Telnet

Commercial version of the ARPAnet. 1974 Vint Cerf and Bob Kohn published

Design of a protocol called TCP.

Eighties: 1981 Minitel Teletel and spread in France by

France Telecom. 1982 DCA and paves the ARPA (TCP) or

And Transmission Control Protocol (IP) or Internet Protocol

And thus become (TCP / IP) the official language of the Internet. Founded 1982 EUnet

Euug by the service provider e-mail and news groups.

1982 term (the Internet) is used for the first time. 1983 development of the so-called

Name Server at the University of Wisconsin. 1984 was the development of any DNS Domain

Name Server and the number of host systems (Hosts) approximately 1000

Device. 1987 exceeded the host 10000 the number of organ systems. 1987 Union

Merit companies and IBM and MCI to be the company ANS and the strengthening of

Communications network and then opened its service in the countries allied with America.

1989 exceeded the number of organ systems, the host 100000. 1989 Composition (Unit

The architects of the Internet IETF) and (the researchers and the Internet IRTF) under the supervision of

IAB. Associated with each of the 1989 (Australia, Germany, Israel,

Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands) connected to NSFNET.

Nineties: 1990 created Archie. 1990 the company became The World

Comes On-line availability of the first commercial Internet service. 1991 Tunisia

Linked to the Internet the first Arab country linked to the network. 1991 created

WAIS and Gopher and WWW. 1992, founded the Internet Society Internet

Society and the number of host systems million. 1992 linked to Kuwait

The Internet. 1992 World Bank is linked to the Internet. White House 1993

And the United Nations linked to the Internet. 1993 Egypt and the UAE are linked

The Internet. 1993 spread Mosaic and Gopher and WWW are very broad.

1994 the spread of shopping on the Internet and corporate network interference

Scale. 1994 Lebanon and Morocco both have the Internet. 1995 CompuServe

And America On-line and Prodigy is working to provide service to subscribers.

1995 JAVA put on the market. 1996 the first international exhibition of the Internet.

1996 Qatar, Syria, associated with the Internet. 1999 Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia linked to the Internet.

Runs from the Internet??! Question has frequently, and many people

Believes that there is a party that has the Internet and is not true! This is one of the most

Things that cause for surprise, but as something that resembles the power

Management in the Internet Society ISOC Internet Society, a non-profit

Members of the volunteers who facilitate and support the artistic growth of the Internet and to stimulate

Attention. Each user of the Internet is responsible for his, and there are

Called the spine of the Internet is the main part of the network, which

Linked by networks and other information when you send should be in this

Spine. Followed by a central network of the Internet, a network

Transit network linking the root is the spine of any link

Geographical areas the spine, and the network is the root level

III of the Internet and the linking of networks of institutions and institutes, networks

Geographical areas in which the average level permitted to enter the

Spine. No one is funding all this, but that each company

Responsible for funding the sam

Information about the Nobel

Alfred Nobel: the chemical engineer and was born in October 21, 1833 in 

City of Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. Allowed his father, Emmanuel Nobel ( 

After the effort and struggle to work in the field of naval mines and the richness of that) 

A good learning opportunity for his son and three brothers, Alfred, providing them 

Qualified teachers in the natural sciences, chemistry, language and literature 

   Alfred was once the seventh-year-old even mastered five languages 

It is Swedish, Russian, French, English, and German. 

The work of his father to build a factory near the city of Stockholm for the manufacture of 

Article Alnetroglesrin high explosives, and manufactured by some 140 kilometers 

Grams of this article, but the plant exploded in 1864. Cause 

The explosion in the killing of his younger brother Emil and four chemical 

And workers. Alfred's work on taming and controlling the use of 

Alnetroglesrin had identified the invention of dynamite in 1866, and obtained 

Patent his invention, Vthavtaat to buy construction companies and mining 

And the armed forces, and spread the use of dynamite in all parts of 

The world. Alfred the establishment of factories and dozens of laboratories in the twenty - 

State, and reap from the wealth that has become very large, even the richest of the rich 

The world. Alfred imagine that this invention may work to please 

Human error when it found the object at the end of his life decided to come 

Some of his fortune to both contribute to the happiness and prosperity of people and delivered over 

Nobel prize. Alfred Nobel died on the tenth of December, 1896 

In the city of San Rimwaliitalip alone, has left behind a fortune 

Estimated at SKr 30 million, and the guardian to invest the 

Bulk of his fortune in the profitability of projects of the proceeds will be awarded five awards 

Annually for more than reported in the areas identified in the human: the area 

Chemistry, physics, medicine or physiology, literature, and peace 

Worldwide. The validation of the Swedish Nobel prize in the annual 

His will, and documented in the Swedish club - Norwegian November 27, 1895. 

Held the first ceremony of the Nobel Prize of the Royal Academy 

Music in the Swedish city of Stockholm in 1901. He has received 

The first prize in each of them: in 1901 the Peace: Henry Dunant ( 

F) and Frederic Passy (France) in literature 1901: René Soleil 

Preud'homme (the French) in Physics 1901: William Rotngen (German 

) In Chemistry 1901: Jacobus van Hoof (Netherlands) in medicine 

1901: Emil von Bhreinnj (German) and the beginning of 1902, the 

His Majesty the King to hand over the Nobel Prize to people who possess them. Frequency 

King, "Oscar," II, King of Sweden at the beginning in the delivery of 

National prize for non-Swedes, but after accepting the position as 

Aware of the amount of global publicity that earned Sweden. Recognizes 

Nobel Prize at an official ceremony on the tenth of December each year 

To announce the names of the winners for the month of October of the same year by the 

On various committees in determining the winners of the Nobel Prize. And 

The tenth of December is a day of the death of the Swedish industry, the award 

Nobel Peace Prize. Include the amount of the Nobel Prize 10 million Swedish kroner, or more 

Million U.S. $ a little (from the value of the award as income 

Fund Supervisor). In 1968, the Bank of Sweden, the introduction of 

Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, but the family did not recognize the Nobel 

Developed as the prize, Alfred Nobel did not mention any of the areas within the 

Awarded the Nobel Prize. From that year, it was decided not to introduce 

New areas of the Nobel Prize and areas approved by the Alfred Nobel 

And grant them the award the following: physics, chemistry science study 

Members of the medical literature or peace economy

Swine flu infection is ?

Swine flu infection is a contagious disease is spread through breathing. Transmitted when the pigs due to the proliferation of Class "A" virus "influenza." The transmission of the virus to humans is not common, but is likely if the friction with the permanent pigs. 

  

According to the World Health Organization, the transmission of infection among humans may be due to the emergence of a new species of this virus is transmitted among humans. 

  

What are the symptoms of this disease? 

Symptoms of the disease are similar to seasonal influenza symptoms: fever, cough, runny snotty, joints and muscles. These symptoms are difficult to delayed diagnosis and treatment of the epidemic can cause chest disease may be fatal. 

  

How the virus spread? 

Infection is usually transmitted from pigs to humans, but the recording of cases of infection occurred among the people themselves through breathing. This epidemic is not transmitted through eating pork. 

  

Is there a new type of swine flu? 

As is the case in humans, the influenza viruses are constantly changing with the pork. When the pigs in the respiratory apparatus, are sensitive to the MBC as the most watched on influenza viruses and human or pig influenza. Pork is a "focal point" is conducive to the emergence of new influenza viruses by genetic combinations in cases of concurrent infection. 

  

Such hybrid viruses concern the emergence of a new flu virus, such as a severe flu, but is subject to, such as the transmission of human influenza. This type of virus, which is unknown to the human immune system, may include specifications necessary for the spread of pandemic influenza on a large scale. 

  

Any cure for this epidemic? 

There are preventive measures of this disease is to isolate the injured, wearing breathing masks, wash hands constantly. There is Antidote to the epidemic but it turned out ineffective. There are also vaccines to prevent the proliferation of anti virus within the body. 

  

There is a vaccine against the disease of pigs. It is not for humans. The Mexican authorities announced, citing the World Health Organization that the vaccine is still in conformity with an earlier version of the virus to make it less effective. But "the production of a vaccine is possible if the virus has been identified," but requires "some time" said the World Health Organization. 

  

Degrees of warning by the World Health Organization: 

Class 1: The risk of a limited threat to rights. 

Class 2: The risk of a slightly larger threat to human 

Class 3: Non-existence or the existence of some cases of infection among humans. 

Class 4: transmission between humans and the evolution of the degree of the epidemic. 

Class 5: the virus is spreading among humans in two, at least in one region. 

Class 6: transmission to the global level and the recording of cases in more than one region of the world